By Stefhanie Reitz

Mark Twain, Edith Wharton and other boldfaced names among the dead have something in common with living Americans in these hard financial times:
Their homes are in jeopardy.For scores of historic house museums, simply keeping the lights on
has become a challenge. The Mount, Wharton's home in Lenox, Massachusetts, is trying to stave off foreclosure with a feverish fundraising campaign. The Twain House in Hartford can't even afford to buy energy-saving light bulbs that would slash its electric bill.

Experts say this summer may make or break some sites, many of which already have cut their hours and staff and are struggling for donations in today's troubled economy.

"The jury's really still out on how summer visitation will be, how people will respond to gas prices and what it will mean for us," said Susan Wissler, acting president of The Mount, which needs $6 million (€4 million) by Oct. 31 to avoid foreclosure.

The Twain House and Museum is in similar straits, trying to repay a $4.9 million (€3.2 million) bank loan from earlier expansions and meet its $2.9 million (€1.9 million) yearly budget.

They already cut two-thirds of the staff and made other reductions, but had barely enough money to pay three weeks' worth of bills before recent publicity generated a spate of donations.

Many house museums, especially smaller sites, get little or no government help. Tourist dollars, donations, interest earned on endowment funds and corporate gifts - all highly dependent on the economy - help keep the doors open.

The National Trust for Historic Preservation estimates there are
between 9,000 and 10,000 historic home museums nationwide.

Some, like the Twain and Wharton homes, are established landmarks run by nonprofit groups. Thousands of others are homesteads of early settlers, birthplaces of noteworthy Americans or other modest sites run by local historical societies and volunteers.

"Many of them are operating on a shoestring, but they're very important to their communities and people put in a lot of volunteer time and effort just to keep them going," said Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

"It's a complex financial situation out there for a lot of museums, and there's no question that house museums are facing some unique challenges these days," he said.

Even government ownership isn't a guarantee of security. As states
and municipalities cut their budgets, many have reduced the hours at
the historic homes they operate or turned the sites over to private
groups.

The tiny northern Vermont birthplace of President Chester A. Arthur
reduced its hours from five days weekly to two this summer to reflect
state budget cuts.

The Ohio Historical Society this spring increased admission fees for
the first time in four years. It also cut jobs and sliced hours at many
sites, including the Marion home where Warren G. Harding launched his
1920 presidential campaign.

For the Twain and Wharton houses, yesterday's improvement projects
are today's financial burden.

Jeffrey Nichols, the Twain House and Museum's executive director
since April, says officials now recognize that a $19 million (€12.4
million) visitor center that opened in 2003 was too ambitious and
costly.

The gingerbread Gothic home was built in 1874 by the author and
humorist who, coincidentally, often struggled with debt and had to sell
the home in 1903. It was here that he wrote his masterpiece,
"Huckleberry Finn."
"The museum saw a great opportunity to expand and to better preserve
and spread Mark Twain's legacy, but in retrospect, it did overreach,"
Nichols said.

In that regard, the Twain House is like private homes throughout
America where residents expanded during heady economic times or used
home equity credit lines, subprime mortgages and private loans they now
struggle to repay.

The Mount finds itself in similar straits.

The restoration of its mansion and gardens is lauded in
architectural and historical circles, and its 2005 purchase of
Wharton's personal library for $2.6 million (€1.7 million) was even
singled out by first lady Laura Bush for special praise.

But the seller is British, so payments skyrocketed as the British
pound's value has pummeled that of the dollar.

The group has received $900,000 (€587,000) in donations since
February, but needs $3 million (€2 million) by Halloween to secure a
promise of matching money from an anonymous donor and avoid
foreclosure.

Wharton designed and built the 1902 home, where she later finished
"The House of Mirth" and got the inspiration for "Ethan Frome." She
lived there until 1910, when her marriage collapsed and she moved to
France.

Wissler said the organization that runs the home reduced its staff,
negotiated fixed rates on some utility bills and is working with the
bank to restructure the loan terms.

"No one has faulted the quality of the restoration or what we did
with every dollar," she said. "We've expanded our facilities very
carefully. What's occurring now is a timing issue as much as anything."
First-time visitor Jocelyn Ramella of Charlestown, Massachusetts,
said she toured The Mount after reading of its plight and realizing she
knew very little about the property.

"I think it's definitely worth preserving," she said as she headed
toward the gardens on a recent afternoon. "It's a very special place
and now that I know how beautiful it is, it'd be so sad if we lost it."
Visitors to Hartford's Twain House had similar feelings.

"I am surprised there would be any question about whether it could
continue," said Adrian Reddall, who toured with his wife, Elizabeth.

"I would hope the idea of preservation, which we're very hot on in
England, would be catching on enough in America that this (site) stays
protected," Reddall said.

Source: Sapa